Objects Revisited¶

In Python, every value is actually an object. Whether it be a dictionary, a list, or even an integer, they are all objects. Programs manipulate those objects either by performing computation with them or by asking them to perform methods. To be more specific, we say that an object has a state and a collection of methods that it can perform. (More about methods below.) The state of an object represents those things that the object knows about itself. The state is stored in instance variables. For example, each list has state, the items in the list. And it has methods, such as append and pop, which can operate on the list to change its state or do something else useful.